Jump to content
33LIMA

Blitzkreig 1940: CFS3 ETO Expansion

Recommended Posts

A Luftwaffe Messerschmitt Bf110 Campaign in the ultimate CFS3 expansion

 

Shot01-08-14-01-03-04.jpg

 

CFS3 - so far anyway - marks a controversial end to the Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator series. In returning from CFS2's Pacific to the European Theatre of Operations, CFS3 had many new features. On the positive side, there was a modest but intriguing range of flyable aircraft, including the 'usual suspects' like the Spitfire, FW190 and P-51 but also medium bombers like the Ju-88 and B-25 Mitchell and some late-war prototypes like the Dornier 335 'push-pull' heavy fighter and the P-80 and Vampire jets. There were 'autogen' scenery objects to populate the terrain; and most of the ETO was covered, in a single 'map'. Less positively, graphics were questionable, with many rather poor cockpits and odd, mostly unrealistic coloured bands and other markings the player could apply to personalise his flight. Wingman commands were still the same limited set from CFS2, with no ground control interaction, a major gap. AI, damage models and flight models were dubious. Wingman radio traffic sounded canned and cheesy. And while there was a dynamic campaign at last, it was a rather odd beast, a sort of parallel universe 1942-45 ETO where the Germans could have invaded England and their shipping plied the English Channel in daylight.

 

But at least CFS3 covered the ETO, and while the air-to-air experience wasn't great (and completely left out battles with the heavy bombers) it made a passable job of simulating its declared subject: tactical fighter-bomber and medium bomber operations in the latter part of WW2 in Europe. For those of us whose fancy wasn't really caught by the Eastern Front, it was worth playing. Especially as the modders got to work, with groups like the Ground Crew and the AVHistory team developing many new planes. Commercial add-ons helped too; Firepower was widely praised, my other favourites being D-Day and Just Flight's Memphis Belle.

 

Nowadays, much of the modder's good work on CFS3 is available as a great package, under the title of the ETO Expansion. Others are still around, including Mediterranean Air War (MAW) and a Pacific Expansion. This mission report features the ETO expansion, which adds a real host of aircraft starting with those from the Spanish Civil War, along with much-improved airbases, scenery, ground and aircraft textures, period menu music and improved effects. Details of the package and download links are available here:

 

http://www.mrjmaint.com/CFS3/ETOHome.html

 

Installation is fairly complicated and involves creating a second CFS3 install; but there is an excellent .pdf guide which takes you through the process step by step and is pretty foolproof if followed.  The job's well worth while; it's still CFS3 at its core but on the outside, it's pretty well a whole new animal - CFS3, Jim, but not as we know it.

 

One of ETO Expansion's features is the addition of extra campaigns. You can now start your World War 2 in 1940, either during the 'Phoney War' when the two sides faced off at the Franco-German border immediately after the Polish Campaign; or as I chose, in the Blitzkrieg, when in May 1940 the Germans attacked in the West in one of the most successful and decisive campaigns of the war.

 

Having run the front-end ETO Expansion process which sets up the sim's spawns for this earlier period, I used the ETO Start 'selector' desktop proggie to choose the 1940 era. Pilot and campaign creation was next; both done in conventional CFS3 style. I chose to fly as a Luftwaffe fighter pilot. Unlike European Air War, CFS3 doesn't make it easy for you to fly your plane of choice. You select the role - fighter or bomber - and CFS3 picks the unit and the aircraft. There is a facility to transfer or change planes but it's limited. For this mission, I was allocated to a 'Zerstoerer' (destroyer) unit - as the Luftwaffe called its heavy fighters. Flying the sleek twin-engined Messerschmitt Bf110 and also known as 'Goering's Ironsides', these units were something of an elite. Disillusionment was to follow, when the Battle of Britain ruthlessly spotlighted the limitations of such aircraft in an environment dominated by more agile single-engined fighters. But that was all in the future. This was May 1940, and my Gruppe was about to play its part in the great Blitzkrieg in the west which, in a few weeks, would bring France to her knees and Britain to the verge of defeat.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-10-52.jpg

 

...to be continued!

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

The mission beginsShot01-08-14-01-00-19.jpg

 

Broken cloud and rain greeted me as I arrived on the airfield. I don't recall if I was assigned to a named unit but the skin of my Messerschmitt represents an aircraft of the staff flight of V (Zerstoerer) Gruppe of Lehrgeschwader 1. Like the famous Panzer Lehr Division, the geschwader was nominally a 'trials' unit and was unusual in being equipped with a variety of aircraft types at the same time:

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehrgeschwader_1

 

However, LG1, like Panzer Lehr, was fully operational in WW2 and participated in the May 1940 offensive in the west. For this mission, we were based at Vechta airfield in northern Germany (if I recall right, this was later famous as a night-fighter base) and were allocated a 'close support' mission, striking enemy ground units in support of friendly ground forces. Here's the briefing; it's basically the stock CFS3 format, and our target is a good way to the south-west, just across the border in north-eastern Belgium.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-00-51.jpg

 

At the pre-flight stage I might have been able to opt for a different target or perhaps a closer one; I don't recall, though you usually can, in the stock CFS3 campaign. Anyway despite not being able to carry bombs - realistically, as it I think was Erprobungsgruppe 210 which later began the first operations with the Bf110C4B fighter-bomber version - off we went. Obviously, whatever targets we found in our objective area, we were going to have to rely on our heavy nose-mounted armament of two 20mm cannon and four 7.92mm machine guns.

 

The ETO Expansion Bf110C is a fine machine, with the correct 70/71/65 camouflage (Schwartzgrun/Dunkelgrun/Hellblau) and represents a real-life aircraft, complete with the wolf head emblem of the Gruppe.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-01-57.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-05-17.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-05-45.jpg

 

The cockpit is certainly superior to stock CFS3 versions and is complete with an alluring but rather distracting picture of a close friend (?) stuck to the instrument panel.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-04-01.jpg

 

Normally, CFS3 seems to give you eight aircraft for campaign missions (the player is always leading the operation) and this was no exception. Also as usual, and despite being fighters ourselves, we had an escort - a similar number of Bf109Es. Both types of Messerschmitt do not feature in stock CFS3: they, and the French, Belgian or British aircraft we might come up against, and perhaps the ground targets we might be attacking, are courtesy of the ETO Expansion. You can see the 109s sweeping the skies ahead of us in the pic below. Assuming they stuck with us, that left me with just what was waiting for us on the ground, to worry about.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-04-20.jpg

 

...to be continued!

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

Outward bound

 

Chaperoned by our escorting 109s, we headed steadily south-westwards, towards our distant target area. I had climbed to just over 4,500 feet and decided to stay there, in the rain but below the broken cloud base. I decided that we would make our approach and attack at low level.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-08-00.jpg

 

To save time, I decided to use the CFS3 'warp' function, calling up the map beforehand to monitor our progress and ready to come out, if anything untoward happened. It generally doesn't. But CFS3 tends to give you these un-realistic straight courses right to your objective, whereas (for example) First Eagles and other Strike Fighters sims give you a more realistic 'dog leg' flight in with waypoints you can adjust in the planning stage, and an 'Initial Point' before your objective, which you can place to choose the direction and distance of your run-in to the objective.

 

One other bad thing about the CFS3 'warp' feature, in my experience, is that it invariably climbs you to a pre-assigned altitude, which is typically tens of thousands of feet. And if there's no encounter to interrupt it, you come out of 'warp' close to your objective, at that considerable height. Pretty silly for a tactical air war sim, where you will often want to attack at low level, and especially frustrating with torpedo strike missions. So i was pleasantly surprised - when I manually ended 'warp', well short of the objective - to find that I had stayed at about the same height. If this is an ETO Expansion feature, it's a very welcome one.

 

I decided to descend, and to make my run-in to the target at even lower level. This would give me little time to pick up on targets visually; but better that, I reasoned, than arrive at the optimum height for light flak and then stooge around being shot at while I sussed out the opposition and made a plan.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-10-28.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-10-36.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-11-47.jpg

 

As you can see, the ETO Expansion pack significantly improves the default CFS3 terrain. Another good feature which you won't notice from the screenies is the sound. My Messerschmitt's two DB601s made a very satisfactory sort of snarling, whining roar as we bored along.

 

As we neared the border, we overflew an aerodrome, which I only noticed at the last minute. For a moment, until I realised I was definitely still over friendly territory, I was a bit anxious that the airfield defence people were going to take exception to our visit. But all stayed quiet. Fortunately perhaps, flight sims don't seem to model 'blue on blue' incidents.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-12-28.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-12-48.jpg

 

So far, so good...not long now!

 

...to be continued!

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

First strike!

 

Shot01-08-14-01-15-18.jpg

 

I turned right and led our eight Bf110s on the run-in to the target area. Another ten miles and we would see what lay there.

 

As we sped on, low over the rolling, tree-dotted countryside, I popped on the Tactical Display, mainly for a quick navigation check. To prepare for our attack, I had previously cycled the TAC to display target type 'Vehicles'. When the time came, I would use this to allocate targets to my staffel. For a sim featuring the era of radio-equipped aircraft, the CFS3 'TAC' is not an unreasonable substitute for being able to use the radio like you might in real life and the limits to what you can organise during mission planning.

 

Looking at the TAC, I could see the light blue line to the final waypoint - the target area - was just slightly right of our track. However, the purple arrowhead, whose appearance indicated the proximity and direction of our main targets, was right of this again. I stayed in a 40 degree bank and maintained a steady right-hand turn, noting as I did so that our Bf109 escort was beginning to turn with us.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-16-33.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-16-52.jpg

 

With the TAC confirming my arrival in the objective area, I searched ahead and around me for targets.  At first, I saw nothing. Then...there they were! Crossing a field between patches of woodland, a ragged group of vehicles was moving in the open, their presence betrayed by the 'rooster tail' plumes of dirt they were throwing up, despite the wet conditions. I didn't notice at the time, but just beyond, lay an enemy airfield. In the cockpit view screenie below, looking back you can see that my gunner appears to have jettisoned his canopy and bailed out, but he's still there; it's just a feature of the rendering, perhaps deliberate so you see what your gunner sees without having to ask him!

 

Shot01-08-14-01-21-11.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-21-54.jpg

 

I pulled up and rolled around nearly onto my back to come in at them, cutting the throttle to tighten my manoeuvre. At the same time, I selected targets amongst them via the TAC and ordered in my staffel. For CFS3 veterans, the technique is ingrained - select target, hit 'A' key to despatch two planes on their attack; select another target, then 'A' again; repeat as necessary. The battle was on!

 

Shot01-08-14-01-19-57.jpg

 

I swept in at the enemies. I knew that they were most likely to be tanks or AFVs of some sort, as only tracked vehicles could reliably travel cross-country in early WW2. In fact, they were little WW1-vintage Renault FT tanks, though I wasn't sure at the time. Nor was I certain that even my 20mm cannon - Oerlikon types, firing relatively low-velocity HE shells - would do them much damage. But in I went! From somewhere or other, enemy gunners were watching, for flak began to burst around me.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-22-37.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-24-11.jpg

...to be continued!

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

Plane versus tank, 1940-style

 

Shot01-08-14-01-24-59.jpg

 

This is where the effects of playing too many different sims made themselves felt. In IL-2, I have two joystick buttons arranged to fire MGs and cannon separately. But in CFS3, one of the same buttons fires all guns and the other one changes views. So when I applied the IL-2 two-key firing technique to CFS3, let's just say that the results were not conducive to keeping my sights on the target. It took me a couple of firing passes, to work out what I was doing wrong!

 

Shot01-08-14-01-26-24.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-26-26.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-28-16.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-27-21.jpg

 

At this point, as my staffel made their own attacks and I swung around for another one of my own, I realised where the AA fire was coming from...the nearby airfield! As I watched, I could actually see the muzzle flashes of a battery, near the end of a row of what looked like aircraft pens. I decided that I would let my staffel get on with it, while I indulged in a little of what nowadays would be called 'flak suppression'...perhaps also destroying some enemy planes on the ground. I hauled my big fighter around, and nosed down at my new target.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-28-59.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-29-14.jpg

 

I should have tackled the flak first but as I came out of my turn, I realised that I was well placed for a strafing run along the line of the pens. But as I screamed in, I saw that they were empty!

 

Shot01-08-14-01-29-34.jpg

 

This was proving a bit more difficult than I had expected!

 

...to be continued!

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

Ziel zerstoert!

 

On my next run at the enemy airfield, I made no mistake. My rounds raked the flak battery near the aircraft pens, setting off an explosion which smothered the enemy weapons in a large billowing cloud of dust and smoke. Finally, it seemed, I was getting the hang of this ground attack business!

 

Shot01-08-14-01-30-57.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-31-14.jpg

 

But I had noticed a second battery, at the apex of a triangular pattern of trackways, near the airfield boundary. I pulled up and around, then lined up on him...you're next, my friend, I thought wickedly. The enemy gunners seemed to have similarly evil thoughts directed at me or my comrades, for as I closed in, I saw their muzzle flashes.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-31-25.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-33-17.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-32-11.jpg

 

Too late my friends! My guns blazed and their rounds hit home. On my second pass, another explosion, then I was over them and away, leaving my target shrouded in smoke and dust.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-33-45.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-33-33.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-34-00.jpg

Shot01-08-14-01-34-33.jpg

 

At that point, I decided enough was enough. I had wasted a good deal of ammunition on my ineffective attacks on the tanks, and expected my comrades might be risking their necks for similarly poor returns. I was determined to keep some ammo in reserve, in case we had to defend ourselves from enemy aircraft. So I flew off, orbiting the enemy air base in a wide arc which brought me back onto a heading for the German border and home. I called my staffel to break off and rejoin me, throttling back to enable them to do so. In the murky weather I could see neither them nor our escorting Bf109s, but at least, there were no enemy aircraft around.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-36-58.jpg

 

Looking behind at intervals, I was mightily relieved to see my men slowly closing up and to be able to count them all present and correct.

 

Shot01-08-14-01-37-26.jpg

 

After passing the border without incident, I started 'warping' home. About half way, we came out of 'warp' automatically, causing me to look around anxiously for the enemies this usually means are just out of 'TAC' range. Suddenly, a flock of aircraft whizzed past low and right. I wasn't inclined to hang around to find out who they were. I opened up to full throttle and sped off. My 110s were no slouches for speed and if these were enemies and they wanted to catch us, they would have to make an effort! But the other aircraft never re-appeared; if they were hostile, perhaps they ran into our escort.

 

Soon, we were back at base. It's at this point that CFS3 pops up a little panel to tell you the mission goals have been resolved, and offering you the option to continue and land, or to quit the mission and see the debriefing, there and then. I chose the latter option.

 

Although credited with the guns destroyed, I had not completed enough of the mission goals to make much of a success of it. Specifically we had not destroyed the tank formation, whether that was a realistic goal or not. Though not as badly as CFS2, unfortunately CFS3 still retains this rather silly, rigid 'mission pass/fail' assessment. It's much too 'black and white' and in sims whose designers know better, is sensibly not applied or at least not a big deal. In the Blitzkrieg campaign, I am not clear whether or not repeated mission failure could produce the result that it's Germany who gets 'blitzkrieged'!

 

Anyway, this was a thoroughly enjoyable and interesting mission. Even if you wrote off CFS3, you might well find a lot to like about its re-incarnation in the ETO expansion. And there are Mediterranean and Pacific expansions to try, too. For any simmer interested mainly in the western European theatre, CFS3 plus the ETO Expansion - especially if you're prepared to play to its tactical air war strengths - is definitely recommended.

 

Disclaimer - I'm listed, rather undeservedly, as a contributor to the ETO Expansion, though my contribution consisted of precisely one set of skins, for this 'wellenmuster' Ju88 with optional worn temporary black undersurfaces, which I was very flattered to be asked to have included in this great free mod.

 

Shot12-07-13-12-33-10.jpg

  • Like 1

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

My pleasure, and thank YOU guys for this great mod, still going strong!

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

PS - CFS3 ETO Expansion now looks even better, thanks to Ankor's DX9 mod, which adds dynamic self-shadowing to aircraft and reflective water textures and works with conventional or modded CFS3 installations, as well as OFF and WOFF:

 

cfs3 2014-04-22 12-52-25-92.jpg

 

cfs3 2014-04-22 12-49-17-31.jpg

 

...and the Bf 110 featured in this mission report, in the latest (July 2016) version of Ankor's mod - no more fishe-eye lens external view:

 

Shot08-22-16-23-33-33.jpg

 

Available here.

  • Like 1

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

Create an account or sign in to comment

You need to be a member in order to leave a comment

Create an account

Sign up for a new account in our community. It's easy!

Register a new account

Sign in

Already have an account? Sign in here.

Sign In Now

  • Similar Content

    • By 33LIMA
      Back to CFS3...in the Martin B-26 Marauder
       

       
      I was - and suppose I still am - a fan of Microsoft's last fling in the Combat Flight Simulator series, CFS3. I didn't especially like the air-to-air combat - AI planes flying at empty weight meant that even heavier, more sluggish enemies could often prove frustrating foes. And there was the unfortunate fact that CFS3 ignored the strategic bomber component (even decent add-ons like Firepower, which added 4-engined bombers, just tended to expose CFS3's limitations as a bomber sim). European Air War, this wasn't.
       
      Neverthess, CFS3 was billed primarily as a simulator of tactical air power, 1943-45, and that, I felt, it did reasonably well. The radio and intercomm chatter and the wingman commands were very limited, of course. And I didn't particularly like it's 'alternative history' version of WW2, as presented in the dynamic campaign, with German shipping flowing freely in the English Channel in daylight and the Germans having the possibility of invading England even late in the war. It's World War Two, Jim, but not as we know it. A dynamic campaign that's...well, a bit too dynamic.
       
      But unlike IL-2 at the time - I mean, as in, over ten years ago - CFS3 provided rather good coverage of the European Theatre of Operations, which was and remains my main interest, by a wide margin. So I played CFS3 a lot, and downloaded many user-made aircraft, like those of the 1% and GroundCrew teams.
       
      I also ended up buying many of the CFS3 add-ons, my favourite being the D-Day one, which improved quite a bit on the historical accuracy of the dynamic campaign. This expansion I could never get to install correctly in Vista. But salvation was at hand - in the shape of the ETO Expansion, a massive user mod which features improved terrain, a huge increase in the planeset (including many of the aforementioned user-made models) and an 'era switcher' which enables the player- as in the recent CUP mod for IL-2 '46 - to configure the sim to cover different eras, in this case from the Spanish Civil War to the end of WW2.
       
      Just recently, I have been prompted to fire up CFS3+ETO Expansion once more, by the arrival of the latest version of Ankor's DX9 mod. To the dynamic shadows and sea reflections of previous versions, this adds ground object and cloud shadows...and, joy of joys, enables players to lose at long last the dreadful 'fisheye (wide-angle) lens' external view that always gave CFS3 aircraft a distorted appearance, which I for one loathed.
       
      As an illustration of this, here is a picture of the rather unattractive Whitley bomber, one of the ETO Expansion's planes, without Ankor's mod...
       

       
      ...and here is a pic of the Expansion's Coastal Command version of the Whitley, with the latest DX9 mod. Note that despite the camera being zoomed in more closely, the perspective is much more natural. You can also see the shadows cast on the aircraft itself, and also the ground shadows, cast here by trees, clouds and folds in the ground. I'm not saying it makes the poor old Whitley pretty, mind, but the natural perspective is a big improvement.
       

       
      Having fired up CFS3+ETO Expansion with the DX9 mod installed, I naturally took several virtual aircraft up for a virtual spin. It was soon apparent that some of the planes which benefit most are those USAAF machines in natural metal finish, like this P-47 Thunderbolt (this is the stock CFS3 one, with the latest DX9 mod applied)...
       

       
      ...and here's the P-38 Lightning - again, this is the stock CFS3 version:
       

       
      So I thought I'd go for a campaign with one of these nice silver birds, in the ETO Expansion. I chose the B-26 Marauder - this is how the Expansion's natural metal version looks (unlike IL-2- the 'skin' supplied is used for all planes of that type, in game). Note how the reflections on the fuselage nicely pick up on the terrain below. I''ll have one of those, I decided, for my first CFS3 campaign for some time.
       

       
      Having selected the D-Day era, I started by creating a new pilot, chose a bomber career for him, then used the 'Change aircraft' option to switch from the allocated B-25 Mitchell to my nice shiny B-26G. I was undeterred by the real Marauder's bad reputation. Being a 'hot' machine for a bomber, she had at first a bad name for crashes, earning unsavoury nicknames like the one in this mission report's title, also 'The Widowmaker'. By 1944 things had improved and I expected I'd appreciate advantages such as the good defensive and offensive armament, high speed and tricycle undercarriage. 'Baltimore Whore' or not, she's not just a pretty face.
       
      I kicked off the campaign and began to remember how CFS3's dynamic campaign handles these things. I was started in May 1944, about a month before the real D-Day, although I knew that my unit's performance could influence this. I was placed at the lead of the squadron operation, flying from RAF St Eval in Cornwall. I can't recall which Bomb Squadron we were flying with, but CFS3 isn't particularly strong on creating a strong sense of unit, and any resemblance between that and the markings on your aircraft is co-incidental.
       
      On campaign, CFS3 offers you one of a set range of mission types, which you can opt to change. I never worked out whether there were any campaign advantages to be had, between which missions you chose and when. Commonly, you start with an anti-shipping missions, whichever side you are playing for. And that's what I got. I was placed at the head of two flights of four B-26s - bombers in CFS3 fly fighter-style 'finger four' formations, widely-spaced to boot.
       
      Our target was enemy shipping down to the south-west. Not quite in the English Channel, but still, it was rather silly of the Germans to expose whatever ships it was to overwhemling air power in daylight.
       
      Well, it wasn't quite daylight yet. It was just before dawn as we formed up for take-off. But it would be daylight, by the time we got to the target area. I had accepted a torpedo armament - bombs being the alternative, naturally - so we started with these rather short, fat airborne tin fish slung under our silver bellies. If I'd known they'd be external - and if I knew if CFS3 replicated their drag, which I didn't - I might have gone for bombs.
       

       
      A fat lot of good it likely would have done me, as it turned out.
       
      The second flight of four B-26s was already in the air so I wasted no time in taking off to the north, passing over St Eval again as I began a wide turn to the left, to come around to our assigned track out to the target, which lay to the south-south-west.
       

       
      I kept throttled back to let the others catch up, and it wasn't long before all eight bombers were stacked up behind and either side of me, sadly in their wide fighter formations. At least the risk of mid-air collisions should be low!
       

       
      The 'warp/move to next event' feature in CFS3 has evolved to a very fast form of time acceleration, instead of the CFS1 and CFS2 'teleport' equivalent. It remains a very convenient way of flying what would otherwise be longish, uneventful legs in the typical CFS3 campaign mission. The trick is not to leave it too late to interrupt this 'very fast forward' process. This is especially important in torpedo or other low level attacks, for you 'warp' at a fixed altitude, about 14,000 feet in this case, which is much too high an attack profile fo most CFS3 missions. And if enemies were spawned based on radar detection, which I suspect they may not be, well at that sort of height they would have seen you coming from many miles away.
       
      So while I flew a direct course to the target, I took care to break the 'warp' at intervals, which not only made sure I could lose altitude in good time, but also gave me a chance to admire the sunrise and the reflective effects on my aircraft.
       

       
      I forgot to check if the briefing advised if we had a fighter escort - you often have on a CFS3 campaign mission, and in this case it was a flight of Mustangs, four I think. They were soon to make themselves useful.
       
      ...to be continued!
×

Important Information

By using this site, you agree to our Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, and We have placed cookies on your device to help make this website better. You can adjust your cookie settings, otherwise we'll assume you're okay to continue..