Art101 For Modders - Theory

[+Geezer 3,569]

A couple of guys have wondered why my stuff looks so "real." Before returning to aviation in the 1980s, I graduated from a professional art school and had to learn both scientific theory and the techniques of the masters (DaVinci, Rembrandt, etc) to paint realistically.  I thought I'd pass on some basic information that will assist you guys in making more realistic mods.

 

First, leave your preconceptions at the door and approach the subject of color theory with an open mind - the odds are, what you think you know is wrong.    First, we start with the science.

 

What we call color is reflected light at different frequencies.  Every color has a unique frequency which travels through the real world until it is detected by our eyeballs.  The real world usually affects these frequencies as they travel through the atmosphere, and shifts them slightly before they strike our eyeballs.  These frequency shifts, and other phenomena, create optical illusions that are part of the world we live in. 

 

Understanding optical illusions is crucial to creating realistic art.  We have all seen railroad tracks converge to a point on the horizon.  Your mind knows the tracks are the same distance apart at the horizon as they are at your feet, BUT THAT IS NOT WHAT YOUR EYES SEE.  Creating realistic art requires you focus on what your eyes see, and ignore what your mind tells you.

 

Lets say you want to make some new skins for an aircraft.  You do careful research and identify some accurate colors, then use a paint program to take samples of those colors, and then start painting the new skins. 

 

You just screwed up!

 

Because of the frequency shifts that happen while light is traveling through the atmosphere, the colors seen by your eyeballs seldom match color samples.  Yes, your mind knows those color shifts are not "real" but so what?  If you want to make realistic art, the only thing that matters is what your eyeballs see.

 

A color frequency consists of three things:

- The color itself - is it red, or blue, or green, or whatever. 

- The saturation of the color - is it vivid or dull.  Think of the difference between vivid fire engine red and dull brick red.

- The lightness/darkness, called "value" in the art world.

 

The bottom line: because of frequency shift, most colors seem lighter and duller to our eyeballs.  So, make copies of your color samples and then lighten the value of each color and also reduce the saturation of each color.  OK, how much?  It varies due to the situation.  Is the noonday sun bright, or is the setting sun dull?  Is there a lot of dust or water vapor in the air?  It boils down to your own personal interpretation - that's why they call it "art."

 

- If you like your aircraft looking like they just rolled out the paint shop door, then lighten and dull your colors just a little - say 5% to 10%.

 

- If you like your aircraft looking like they have been used but well cared for, then lighten and dull your colors 10% to 20%.

 

- If you like your aircraft looking like they have been beat to hell, then lighten and dull your colors 20% to 30%.

 

To illustrate how these factors affect "realism" let's look at value.  NEVER use true black or true white as a general color because THEY SELDOM OCCUR IN NATURE.  That's because black and white aren't colors, they are values.  White is a combination of all light frequencies, while black is the total absence of any light whatsoever.  These conditions - all light or no light - are quite rare, but most people don't know this.  What most people describe as black or white is actually EXTREMELY DARK GRAY or EXTREMELY LIGHT GRAY.

 

Shot below of "black" painted Lancaster shows how black seldom occurs in the real world.  Note the strips of "true black" added in Photoshop.  Close examination of the photo shows the picture is almost always a tiny bit lighter than the strips of "true black." 

 

 

OK you say, what happens if you turn out the lights and darken the hangar?  Remember that black is the total absence of any light WHATSOEVER.  So long as small amounts of light leak under doors, etc there is some light inside the hangar, so scientifically speaking, the hangar cannot be "black."

 

So, why have I beaten the subject to death?  If "black" is darker than any other color, but does not occur outdoors in the real world, then "black" in the real world is actually a slightly lighter dark gray - and all other colors appear lighter too because they are lighter than black.

 

Note the use of black in publications and computer graphics is a form of style.  Style is a variant of realism but is not realism itself.

 

Try experimenting with any art you may have already made.  Load the new art into the sim and see what it looks like.

 

Below are two shots of MontyCZ's excellent Stuka art.  The first is his original art unmodified.  The second is his art that has been lightened and dulled around 15%.

 

 

 

Another shot of lightened and dulled art, plus a little glossiness.

 

Edited November 1, 2015 by Geezer

[+Sundowner 4,516]

Best post I've read in a long time....you should copy this to the other TW boards m8.

[+Dave 2,318]

Oh this is getting pinned for sure. Thanks Geezer. 

[+Geezer 3,569]

Lightening and dulling colors applies to everything else in the TW gameworld.  Shot below shows lightening/dulling applied to map stuff.  The trees have been adjusted about 10%-15%.  Also, Gterl's ground tile art has been lightened and dulled a bit - IIRC, around 5%.

 

Also, below the right hand wheel spat is a straight line with sand brown on one side, and olive green on the other.  To the left of that line is a new WIP tile I am working on.  Gterl's tiles are 512x512, but the WIP tile is 1024x1024 and looks more convincing when flying at low altitude.

 

[+Stephen1918 1,473]

Nicely done. Thanks Geezer.

[+Jimbib 677]

Excellent work Geezer!

[+Geezer 3,569]

Forgot to include info on values - lightness/darkness.  Old B & W photos can be useful if you select them carefully.  But beware - lens filters, over-exposure, under-exposure, etc can all distort the values (shades of gray) in an old photo.  You want photos that have a full range of light, medium, and dark grays.  While not infallible, this will usually identify photos that accurately show how light or dark the old camo colors were.

 

Make a shot of the skins you are working on, and then make a desaturated copy of that shot.  Compare your desaturated shot to an old B & W shot to see how close your light, medium, and dark values are.  Usually, your first colors will be too dark because you did not compensate for optical illusions.

 

In first shot below, the dark green is a bit too light in value compared to the real world dark green shown in the original photo, but the light tan is not quite light enough.  In the original photo, note the faint red "10" just ahead of the white fuselage band.  Then compare it's shade of gray to the red "5" of the model skins.  Pretty close - close enough to say "that's good enough."

 

Second shot of the Hurricane reveals two problems.  First, the yellow ring of the fuselage roundel is not light enough.  Second, the gameworld's light settings are generally too dark.  If that were a real photo of a real Hurricane in bright sunshine, the upper surfaces of the wings would be reflecting more light - they would not be as dark as they are in the screen shot.

 

 

Edited November 7, 2015 by Geezer

[+Coupi 4,279]

I like your post Geezer!

[+Nyghtfall 2,102]

Thanks for that thread Geezer! Please continue with more tips and tricks, these are really helpful.

[+WTRAdmin 471]

Wow - now this is a nice write-up from an experienced artist that can clearly deliver outstanding results.  Thank you and well done!

[deep 5]

I used to work with someone who did contract artwork for Code One magazine. He showed me what he did in Photoshop to create images of aircraft in other paint schemes. He also used desaturation to get the tones correct. Very interesting!

[+Geezer 3,569]

To better understand why professional artists/designers don't use true black as a general color, go to article below.  A new product finally comes close to man achieving what nature has been doing since the creation.  True black is the TOTAL absence of any light.  So, if you want to simulate reality in your artwork, use an extremely dark gray instead of black. 

 

http://www.sciencealert.com/this-object-has-been-sprayed-with-the-world-s-blackest-pigment-and-it-s-freaking-us-out?perpetual=yes&limitstart=1

 

 

[+Viper63a 651]

Nice article, last thing we want to do is create toy looking versions of real things. Unless that is the intent. :)